Chapter 1. Introduction to Technical and Vocational Education and Training

What is TVET? UNESCO describes TVET as education, training and skills development that prepares people for a wide range of occupations, production, services and livelihoods. It includes school-based learning, workplace learning, formal and non-formal training, and continuing development of skills [1][2].

Why TVET matters

It builds practical skills that employers and communities need.

It supports employment, self-employment and entrepreneurship.

It helps economies adapt to technological and environmental change.

It provides pathways for learners of different ages and backgrounds, including adults who return to learning [2].

Fields of study. Typical areas include engineering trades (mechanical, electrical, electronics, automotive, welding and fabrication), construction (carpentry, masonry, plumbing, painting), information and communication technology, agriculture and food, hospitality and tourism, health and care services, beauty and personal services, textiles and fashion, and business and office skills.

Learning approaches

Competency-based training: learners show they can perform tasks to a defined standard [1].

Apprenticeship: a structured combination of on-the-job and off-the-job learning with an employer, in many countries leading to a recognized qualification [3].

Work-based learning and internships.

Experiential learning: learning by doing, reflecting and applying ideas, as described in Kolb’s learning cycle [28], and learning by taking part in a community of practice [29].

Qualifications and levels. Many countries use national qualification frameworks to describe levels of skill and knowledge. The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) places TVET programmes at upper secondary, post-secondary and short-cycle tertiary levels, among others [4].

Review: What is the main idea of competency-based training? (Answer: learners must demonstrate that they can perform tasks to a defined standard.)