Appendix E. Glossary

Adat: customary law and tradition in Malay and Indonesian societies.

ABS (access and benefit sharing): rules about access to genetic resources and fair sharing of benefits.

CARE principles: Collective benefit, Authority to control, Responsibility and Ethics for Indigenous data governance.

Ethics dumping: conducting ethically problematic research in places with weaker oversight.

FAIR principles: Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable data.

FPIC: free, prior and informed consent.

Gatekeeper: a person who controls access to a community or institution.

IRB / REC: institutional review board or research ethics committee.

MTA: Material Transfer Agreement for exchanging biological or other materials.

Positionality: the researcher’s social position and its influence on research.

Reflexivity: ongoing critical reflection by the researcher on their role and assumptions.

Triangulation: using multiple data sources, methods or perspectives to check findings.