Chapter 11. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Skills

Computer basics. Hardware includes the processor, memory (RAM), storage, input and output devices; software includes the operating system and applications [18].

Everyday digital skills: file management, word processing, spreadsheets for calculations and records, presentations, email and online collaboration.

Spreadsheets are widely useful in trades and business, for example to calculate quotes, track stock and plan jobs, using formulas such as =SUM(B2:B10).

Networks and the internet. A network connects devices; a router directs traffic and Wi-Fi provides wireless access. Each device has an IP address, and domain names make websites easier to reach [18].

Cybersecurity habits [19]:

Use strong, unique passwords and a password manager if possible.

Turn on multi-factor authentication.

Keep software updated.

Beware of phishing emails, texts and links.

Back up important files (for example, the “3-2-1” rule: three copies, on two types of media, one off-site).

Protect personal and customer data.

Technology in the trades. Computer-aided design, CNC machines, diagnostic scanners, building information modelling, sensors and the Internet of Things, robotics and automation, and mobile apps for scheduling and invoicing [14][15].

Responsible use. Respect copyright and licences, protect privacy, be honest online and check information from reliable sources. If you use artificial intelligence tools, check their output carefully and follow workplace and school rules.

Review: What does multi-factor authentication add to a password? (Answer: a second check, such as a code or device, to prove identity.)