Chapter 12. Types of Writing
Four traditional modes [10][11]:
| Mode | Purpose | Features |
| Narrative | Tell a story | Characters, setting, plot, sequence, dialogue |
| Descriptive | Create a picture in words | Sensory detail, figurative language |
| Expository | Explain or inform | Facts, definitions, examples, logical order |
| Argumentative (persuasive) | Convince the reader | Claim, evidence, reasoning, counter-argument |
Argument. A strong argument states a claim, supports it with evidence, explains its reasoning, and answers opposing views fairly. Avoid fallacies such as ad hominem attacks, hasty generalization, straw man arguments and false dilemmas [16].
Formal letters and emails. Include a clear subject line (for emails), an appropriate greeting (Dear Dr. Adams,), a purpose statement in the first paragraph, brief organized details, a polite close (Yours sincerely when you know the name; Yours faithfully in British usage when you do not) and your name and contact details [11].
Reports and summaries. Reports use headings, objective language and recommendations; summaries restate the main points concisely.
Creative writing. Show rather than tell, use concrete detail, vary rhythm and revise carefully.
Digital writing. Be concise, check tone, avoid text-speak in formal contexts and respect privacy and copyright.
Review: Which mode of writing aims to convince the reader? (Answer: argumentative or persuasive writing.)