Chapter 13. Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon forms four bonds and chains, rings and multiple bonds [7].

Hydrocarbons: alkanes (C–C, sp³), alkenes (C=C, sp²), alkynes (C≡C, sp), aromatics (e.g., benzene).

Common functional groups: alcohol (–OH), ether (R–O–R), aldehyde (–CHO), ketone (C=O), carboxylic acid (–COOH), ester (–COOR), amine (–NH₂), amide (–CONH₂).

Nomenclature (IUPAC): find the longest chain, number to give substituents the lowest locants, name substituents alphabetically [6].

Isomerism: structural isomers share a formula but differ in connectivity; stereoisomers differ in spatial arrangement (cis/trans, enantiomers).

Basic reaction types: substitution, addition, elimination, oxidation/reduction [7].

Review: Name CH₃CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₃. (2-methylbutane.)