End References

❦

A. References

Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., & Smith, M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements (FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Anastas, P. T., & Warner, J. C. (1998). Green chemistry: Theory and practice. Oxford University Press.

Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2019). Principles of biomedical ethics (8th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., Gatto, G. J., & Stryer, L. (2019). Biochemistry (9th ed.). W. H. Freeman.

Brady, N. C., & Weil, R. R. (2016). The nature and properties of soils (15th ed.). Pearson.

Brown, P. C., Roediger, H. L., & McDaniel, M. A. (2014). Make it stick: The science of successful learning. Harvard University Press.

Bureau International des Poids et Mesures [BIPM]. (2019). The International System of Units (SI) (9th ed.). BIPM.

Clayden, J., Greeves, N., & Warren, S. (2012). Organic chemistry (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.

Convention on Biological Diversity. (2000). Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species by means of natural selection. John Murray.

Dunlosky, J., Rawson, K. A., Marsh, E. J., Nathan, M. J., & Willingham, D. T. (2013). Improving students' learning with effective learning techniques. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 14(1), 4-58.

Gliessman, S. R. (2015). Agroecology: The ecology of sustainable food systems (3rd ed.). CRC Press.

Griffiths, A. J. F., Wessler, S. R., Carroll, S. B., & Doebley, J. (2020). Introduction to genetic analysis (12th ed.). W. H. Freeman.

Guyton, A. C., & Hall, J. E. (2020). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (14th ed.). Elsevier.

Hardy, G. H. (1908). Mendelian proportions in a mixed population. Science, 28(706), 49-50.

Havlin, J. L., Tisdale, S. L., Nelson, W. L., & Beaton, J. D. (2013). Soil fertility and fertilizers (8th ed.). Pearson.

Hobbie, R. K., & Roth, B. J. (2015). Intermediate physics for medicine and biology (4th ed.). Springer.

Hodgkin, A. L., & Huxley, A. F. (1952). A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. The Journal of Physiology, 117(4), 500-544.

Jacob, F., & Monod, J. (1961). Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins. Journal of Molecular Biology, 3(3), 318-356.

Jinek, M., Chylinski, K., Fonfara, I., Hauer, M., Doudna, J. A., & Charpentier, E. (2012). A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science, 337(6096), 816-821.

Madigan, M. T., Bender, K. S., Buckley, D. H., Sattley, W. M., & Stahl, D. A. (2021). Brock biology of microorganisms (16th ed.). Pearson.

Margulis, L. (1970). Origin of eukaryotic cells. Yale University Press.

Mendel, G. (1866). Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden. Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, 4, 3-47.

Meselson, M., & Stahl, F. W. (1958). The replication of DNA in Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 44(7), 671-682.

Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., da Fonseca, G. A. B., & Kent, J. (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, 853-858.

Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2021). Lehninger principles of biochemistry (8th ed.). W. H. Freeman.

Singer, S. J., & Nicolson, G. L. (1972). The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes. Science, 175(4023), 720-731.

Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I. M., & Murphy, A. (2015). Plant physiology and development (6th ed.). Sinauer Associates.

Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. H. (2017). Principles of anatomy and physiology (15th ed.). Wiley.

Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., & Orr, R. B. (2020). Campbell biology (12th ed.). Pearson.

Watson, J. D., & Crick, F. H. C. (1953). Molecular structure of nucleic acids. Nature, 171(4356), 737-738.

World Health Organization. (2016). WHO certifies Sri Lanka malaria-free [Press release]. WHO.

B. Online Sources Consulted (accessed 6 October 2026)

General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University [KDU], Faculty of Medicine. (n.d.). MBBS. https://fom.kdu.ac.lk/mbbs/

Induwara.lk. (n.d.-a). University course eligibility checker: A/L subject requirements. https://induwara.lk/tools/sri-lanka-university-course-eligibility-checker

Induwara.lk. (n.d.-b). Sri Lanka A/L Z-score calculator: UGC formula explained. https://induwara.lk/tools/sri-lanka-al-z-score-calculator

Induwara.lk. (n.d.-c). University cut-off marks finder. https://induwara.lk/tools/sri-lanka-university-cutoff-finder

National Institute of Education (NIE), Sri Lanka. (n.d.-a). Biology syllabus, grades 12 and 13 (implemented from 2017). https://www.nie.lk/pdffiles/tg/eALSyl%20Biology.pdf

National Institute of Education (NIE), Sri Lanka. (n.d.-b). Biology resource book, grade 13. https://www.nie.lk/pdffiles/other/eGr13OM%20BioResoBook.pdf

National Institute of Education (NIE), Sri Lanka. (n.d.-c). Biology syllabus for GCE (A/L): Proposed revision. https://nie.lk/pdffiles/tg/e12syl78.pdf

National Institute of Education (NIE), Sri Lanka. (n.d.-d). Chemistry syllabus, grades 12 and 13. https://nie.lk/pdffiles/tg/eALSyl%20Chemistry.pdf

National Institute of Education (NIE), Sri Lanka. (n.d.-e). Physics syllabus. https://nie.lk/pdffiles/tg/AL_Syl%20Physics.pdf

National Institute of Education (NIE), Sri Lanka. (n.d.-f). Agricultural Science syllabus, grades 12 and 13. https://nie.lk/pdffiles/tg/eALSyl%20Agr.pdf

NIE Sri Lanka. (n.d.-g). Agricultural Science (A/L) multiple choice questions and answers (curriculum themes). https://nie.lk/pdffiles/other/ALAgri_Question_bank_Eng.pdf

StudentLanka. (2022, December 30). Best medical faculties in Sri Lanka based on Z-score values. https://studentlanka.com/2022/12/30/best-medical-faculties-in-sri-lanka-based-on-z-score-values/

UNESCO. (n.d.). World Heritage List: Sri Lanka. https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/lk

University of Sri Jayewardenepura [USJ], Faculty of Medical Sciences. (n.d.). About the faculty. https://medical.sjp.ac.lk/

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Medicine,_University_of_Kelaniya

Wikipedia. (n.d.). GCE Advanced Level in Sri Lanka. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level_in_Sri_Lanka

C. Further Reading

The official NIE syllabi, teachers' guides, and resource books for Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Agricultural Science (nie.lk).
Past papers and marking schemes from the Department of Examinations, Sri Lanka, and the UGC admissions handbook for the current year.
Alberts, B., et al. Molecular biology of the cell (Garland Science), for deeper cell and molecular biology.
Campbell, N. A., et al. Campbell biology (Pearson), a widely used general text.
Atkins, P., & de Paula, J. Atkins' physical chemistry (Oxford), for extension in chemistry.
The companion volume Advanced Level Physical Science by the same authors, for fuller treatment of Physics and Chemistry.

Note: Book and article details are given from memory and should be verified before formal citation. Syllabus unit lists differ between versions and a revised syllabus has been proposed, so always follow the current NIE and Department of Examinations documents. Admission cut-offs, the number of medical faculties, and policy rules change over time. Some web sources are summaries by tutoring and information sites and are not official; the UGC handbook is the authority for admission. Medical, chemical, and radiation-safety information is for study purposes only and is not professional advice.